The Creation of the 33rd State: Challenges and Perspectives for the Mexican Diaspora

The proposal to recognize the Mexican diaspora as the "33rd State" has gained relevance in recent years, aiming to grant political representation and full rights to the more than 38 million Mexicans and their descendants residing abroad, primarily in the United States. However, bringing this initiative to fruition faces multiple political, legal, and social challenges that require in-depth analysis.

1. Political Representation and Electoral Rights. One of the main obstacles is defining how the diaspora would be integrated into Mexico’s political system. The current Constitution does not contemplate the figure of an extraterritorial state, which would require substantial constitutional reforms. Additionally, establishing effective mechanisms for Mexicans abroad to exercise their right to vote and have representation in Congress is a considerable logistical and legal challenge.

2. Legal and Fiscal Jurisdiction. The creation of a 33rd state raises questions about the application of laws and tax obligations. Determining what legal framework would govern the citizens of this new state, especially in foreign territory, and how tax contributions would be managed are issues that require complex bilateral agreements between Mexico and host countries, primarily the United States.

3. Identity and Cultural Cohesion. The Mexican diaspora is diverse and geographically dispersed. Forging a common identity that unites this population while respecting regional and cultural particularities is a significant challenge. Moreover, it is crucial to consider how this identity would integrate with the culture and identity of host countries.

Migration Trends: A Comparison Between Administrations

During the administration of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024), Mexican migration experienced notable changes. According to data from the National Institute of Migration, in the first five months of 2024, there were 454,816 detentions of undocumented migrants, an unprecedented figure that nearly matches the 563,000 detentions recorded for all of 2023.

This increase is attributed to factors such as the post-pandemic economic recovery in the United States and political instability in Latin American countries.

With Claudia Sheinbaum Pardo taking office as president in October 2024, migration policy has faced new challenges. The reinstatement of restrictive migration policies by U.S. President Donald Trump has created an atmosphere of uncertainty within the migrant community. In response, Sheinbaum’s administration has implemented the "Mexico Embraces You" strategy, which includes setting up migrant assistance centers in border cities and strengthening the consular network to provide legal advice and digital services.

Complexities of Implementation in 2025 and Proposed Solutions

1. Constitutional and Legislative Reforms. The creation of the 33rd State requires profound modifications to the Mexican Constitution to recognize the diaspora as a federative entity. This implies broad political consensus and collaboration across different levels of government. A possible solution is the formation of a constituent assembly that includes representatives from the diaspora to design an appropriate legal framework.

2. Bilateral Agreements with the United States. Since the majority of the diaspora resides in the United States, it is essential to establish bilateral agreements addressing dual nationality, labor rights, and social protection. Active diplomacy and continuous negotiation will be key tools to advance in this regard.

3. Technological and Logistical Infrastructure. Implementing political participation mechanisms, such as electronic voting, requires a robust and secure technological infrastructure. Additionally, it is necessary to develop platforms that facilitate communication and organization within the diaspora, promoting their active participation in national affairs.

The initiative to recognize the Mexican diaspora as the 33rd State is ambitious and seeks to address a historical debt with millions of compatriots abroad. However, its realization faces significant challenges that demand political will, legal reforms, and close international collaboration.

Organizations advocating for migrants' rights in Mexico have stated that, in order to advance this proposal, it is essential to guarantee the protection of migrants' human rights and to avoid policies that criminalize migration.

Meanwhile, organizations in the United States emphasize the need to recognize the economic and cultural contributions of the Mexican community, advocating for inclusive policies that facilitate their integration and civic participation.

In summary, the creation of the 33rd State represents an opportunity to strengthen ties between Mexico and its diaspora, acknowledging their importance and granting them a legitimate place in the country's political and social life. Achieving this will require coordinated efforts, open dialogue, and a genuine commitment to the rights and well-being of Mexicans abroad.

Written by: Editorial